The communication process is a series of steps involved in transmitting information from a sender to a receiver. It includes developing an idea, encoding it into a message, choosing a channel, delivering the message, the receiver interpreting the message (decoding), and the receiver providing feedback.
The communication process, even though
it might seem simple at first, is actually a
complex, dynamic interaction involving
several components that must work
together seamlessly.
1. Sender (Communicator)
The person or entity who initiates the
message.
Complex because the sender must encode
their thoughts into a clear message,
influenced by emotions, language skills,
cultural background, and intent.
2. Encoding
Turning thoughts into symbols, language,
gestures, or visuals.
Complex because one idea can be encoded
in many ways, and each method can be
misunderstood depending on the receiver’s perspective.
3. Message
The actual content (verbal, written,
non-verbal).
Complex because the context, tone, and
medium can drastically change how the
message is perceived.
4. Channel
The medium through which the message
is sent (e.g., face-to-face, phone, email,
social media).
Each channel has its own limitations and
advantages, and choosing the wrong one
can distort the message
5. Receiver
The person or group who receives and
interprets the message.
Complexity arises because interpretation
is influenced by the receiver’s prior
knowledge, mood, biases, and environment.
6. Decoding
The process of interpreting the message.
This is where communication often breaks
down due to misinterpretation, especially
in intercultural or multilingual settings.
7. Feedback
The receiver’s response to the sender.
Critical for confirming understanding, but
complexity arises if feedback is delayed,
vague, or missing altogether.
8. Noise (Interference)
Anything that disrupts or distorts the
communication.
Can be physical (background noise),
psychological (stress), semantic
(language differences), or technical
(poor connection).
9. Context
The environment or situation in which
communication occurs.
Includes social, cultural, physical, and
emotional factors, all of which can alter meaning.
Photography is the art application, and practice of creating images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic image. It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g., photography ), and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, film and video production , recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication .A person who operates a camera to capture or take photographs is called a photographer, while the captured image, also known as a photograph, is the result produced by the camera.
History of Photography
Photography evolved through innovation in science, chemistry, and art.
1. Pre-Photography: Camera Obscura
Concept: Used since ancient times by Chinese and Greek philosophers like Mozi and Aristotle.
Function: A darkened box with a small hole or lens projects an inverted image onto a surface.
Use: A drawing aid for artists during the Renaissance.
2. First Photograph (1826/27)
Inventor: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.
Image: “View from the Window at Le Gras” (France).
Process: Heliography – exposed a bitumen-coated plate to light for several hours.
3. Daguerreotype (1839)
Inventor: Louis Daguerre.
Features :Used silver-plated copper and mercury vapor.
Required long exposure but produced sharp images.
Example: First human photo – "Boulevard du Temple" (1838).
Impact: First commercially available photographic method.
4. Calotype (1841)
Inventor: William Henry Fox Talbot.
Advantages:
* Created negatives on paper, allowing multiple prints.
* Less sharp than daguerreotypes but more reproducible.
Use: Used in early photo books and documentation.
5. Wet Collodion Process (1851)
Inventor: Frederick Scott Archer.
Characteristics:
*Glass plates coated with collodion and sensitized.
*High image quality, shorter exposure.
Challenge: Plates had to be developed immediately.
Example: Widely used in Civil War photography by Mathew Brady.
6. Dry Plate (1870s)
Innovation: Used gelatin emulsions.
Benefits: Plates could be stored and developed later.
Impact: Photography became portable and more practical.
7. Roll Film and Kodak (1888)
Inventor: George Eastman.
Revolution: Introduced the Kodak camera: “You press the button, we do the rest.”
Effect: Popularized amateur photography.
8. Color Photography
Early methods: Autochrome (Lumière Brothers, 1907).
Breakthrough: Kodachrome film (1935) – first successful color film for public use.
Use: Widely used in magazines like National Geographic.
9. Instant Photography (1948)
Inventor: Edwin Land (Polaroid).
Innovation: Film developed inside the camera in minutes.
Example: Polaroid SX-70 became iconic in the 1970s.
10. Digital Revolution (1990s–Present)
Key Tech: Image sensors (CCD/CMOS), SD cards.
Firsts:
* First digital camera by Kodak (1975 prototype).
* Digital SLRs became standard in 2000s.
Modern Impact: Smartphones, AI photography, editing apps.
Types of Photography
Photography can be artistic, commercial, scientific, or journalistic. Below are complex types with real-world examples.
1. Portrait Photography
Focus: Personality, emotion, and mood.
Types: Studio, environmental, candid.
Example: Annie Leibovitz’s portraits of celebrities.
Usage: Family portraits, ID photos, modeling portfolios.
2. Landscape Photography
Goal: Capture nature’s grandeur.
Techniques: Long exposures, HDR, wide angles.
Example: Ansel Adams’ black-and-white photos of Yosemite.
Koombiyo (English: Ants, සිංහල: 'කූඹියෝ') is a 2017 Sri Lankan crime political thriller series created by Lakmal Darmarathna and Damitha Chandrasiri. The show premiered on ITN on 26 August 2017 with 30 minutes episodes airing on Saturday and Sunday at 08:00 pm weekly.The final episode aired on 17 March 2018.
Plot Summery
Koombiyo tells the story of Jehan Fernando, who has neither a family nor home and lives alone in an abandoned building complex in Colombo. He accidentally meets Hiruni and Priyantha Mahaulpathagama in a public bus when Priyantha is coming to Colombo on his search for a job. Jehan convinces Priyantha to abandon the job he is going for and join Jehan's company Purchasing Lanka instead, which delivers retail items to customers claiming they are from supermarkets when in reality they are bought from the local flea markets. Priyantha starts living with Jehan while being a partner in his business and they quickly become good friends. The company is eventually busted by government officers after a complaint from a disgruntled customer, who happens to be one of Jehan's former batchmates. The case is settled by Anjana and both Jehan and Priyantha are then released without charges.
Afterwards, they start a motivational magazine using copied material from other sources, but the attempt to sell the magazine with the help of unemployed street gang led by Jude in public buses fails after a fight between Jude and a bus conductor where they end up in jail.
A local gangster named Austin and his right-hand henchman Tiran come to meet Jehan to offer him a job to steal an expensive motor car from a wealthy businessman. It is revealed that Jehan is not an average scammer but a well respected criminal mastermind who has a reputation for planning and executing heists. Austin and Tiran are close allies of Jehan and they seem to have worked together in the past. After successfully stealing the car as planned, another client approaches Jehan through the recommendation of Austin to stop a journalist from exposing a popular politician's dirty past. Jehan finds that the journalist is waiting for his housing loan to be passed and in exploiting this, he persuades the journalist to bribe a fake bank officer (another one of Jehan's contacts). The whole act is recorded secretly and Jehan uses this to convince the journalist to do as he says.
Meanwhile, Jehan meets Hiruni again several times and they start building a friendly relationship. A strange boy begins stalking Hiruni asking her love and when he meets Hiruni and Jehan in public, a tense situation arises and ends up with Jehan being attacked by the boy's gang. Badly injured, Jehan is hospitalized and the situation makes both Hiruni and Jehan closer together.
A team of union leaders from a left-wing political party approaches Jehan to reveal that the previous attack on him is not a random event, but a clever plan to avenge Jehan's earlier plan to blackmail their friend Padmakumara. They were impressed with his work and offer him a job to cause havoc inside a factory named Shakya Holdings which treats the employees well but doesn't allow any trade unions inside their factory. Jehan sends Priyantha as an employee to the factory to find any loophole which can be used to break the relationship between the owners and the employees. Meanwhile, a CID officer named Cyril Abeysekara came to meet Jeahan to question him about a bank robbery happened 6 years ago. Police suspects that Austin is behind the robbery and Jehan is seen in a cafe near the crime scene. Jehan managed to dodge the questions cleverly with Cyril unable to find any clear evidence to link him to the robbery.
Jehan along with his friend who is a computer hacker creates a software which predicts "lives ambitions". And with the help of Hiruni manages to sell to a company.
Jehan successfully executes his master plan and causes the employees to go on a strike, however, Priyantha is imprisoned during the protest and an employee is shot and killed. Upon realization of their involvement in the death, Jehan leaves to a remote village school seemingly to escape from his criminal ways. He teaches science and English students while in there. Priyantha gets brainwashed by the party officials. and they manage to get him out through legally procedures. He becomes very famous. Jehan tries to talk to Priyantha when he is in prison but Priyantha now is too brainwashed by the party officials to talk to Jehan.
Austin gets killed by his enemy "Barrel Sunil".Tiran flees the country to Malaysia. CID officer ASP abeysekera arrest Jehan.
In the meantime, Priyantha competes in the local government polls. He also finds out that Jehan had told his computer friend to give a share of the profits made from the software to Priyantha. Even a party official tells Priyantha Jehan really cared for him. Priyantha then goes to meet Jehan who is now in prison and gets a bit of advice about how to win the polls.. Priyantha wins the polls. And after 2 years Jehan is released from prison.
Priyantha meets Jehan after 2 years and gives him refuge in his home. Priyantha is getting a bit disillusioned by his party officials. Priyantha finds Jehan a job and Jehan realises that even priyantha now is a bit corrupt. After an argument between them, Jehan tries to leave priyantha but priyantha brings him back home. Tiran returns to Sri Lanka illegally and threatens Jehan to help him get his revenge for Austins death.
"Koobiyo" is a popular Sri Lankan Sinhala teledrama that gained significant attention for its intelligent storytelling, complex characters, and reflection of modern socio-political issues.
1. Plot Summary (Brief)
"Koobiyo" revolves around Sajith, a brilliant but morally ambiguous young man with a background in computer science, and his journey through the political and corporate underworld of Sri Lanka. The story follows how he manipulates systems, people, and situations to climb the social and political ladder.
2. Themes
a. Power and Corruption
The drama delves deep into how power operates in Sri Lankan society—whether in politics, business, or media—and how it often corrupts those who seek or wield it.
b. Morality and Ambiguity
Sajith's character is not clearly "good" or "bad." He is intelligent, strategic, and often manipulative, prompting viewers to question whether the ends justify the means.
c. Technology and Control
With a tech-savvy protagonist, the show also explores how modern tools like hacking, surveillance, and media manipulation are used to influence society and politics.
d. Friendship and Betrayal
The relationship between Sajith and his friend Adithya is central. Their bond is tested repeatedly by ambition, jealousy, and conflicting values.
3. Characters
Sajith – The anti-hero; manipulative, calculating, and always a step ahead. He represents ambition without moral constraints.
Adithya – Idealistic and emotional; provides a contrast to Sajith. Often a victim of circumstances.
Nisala and Other Supporting Characters – Represent various facets of Sri Lankan society: the media, politicians, and business figures, each with their own motivations and flaws.
4. Symbolism and Style
Chess Imagery – A recurring theme in the drama, symbolizing strategy, sacrifice, and long-term planning.
Dark Cinematography – Reflects the morally grey world of the characters.
Dialogue – Sharp, often philosophical, with undercurrents of social critique.
5. Social Commentary
"Koobiyo" critiques the Sri Lankan political system, media manipulation, and the erosion of traditional values. It mirrors real-world corruption and the struggle of youth in a system designed to suppress innovation and independence.
"Koobiyo" is a rare Sinhala teledrama that combines thriller elements with social realism. Its intelligence lies not just in plot twists, but in its capacity to make the audience reflect on their own society and values.
Nora C. Quebral (pioneer of development communication in Asia)
"Development communication is the art and science of human communication applied to the speedy transformation of a country and the mass of its people from poverty to a dynamic state of economic growth that makes for greater social equality and the larger fulfillment of the human potential."
Development communication refers to the use of communication to facilitate social development.Development communication engages stakeholders and policy makers, establishes conducive environments, assesses risks and opportunities and promotes information exchange to create positive social change via sustainable development. Development communication techniques include information dissemination and education, behavior change, social marketing, social mobilization, media advocacy, communication for social change, and community participation.
Development communication has been labeled as the "Fifth Theory of the Press", with "social transformation and development", and "the fulfillment of basic needs" as its primary purposes.Jamias articulated the philosophy of development communication which is anchored on three main ideas. Their three main ideas are: purposive, value-laden, and pragmatic.Nora C. Quebral expanded the definition, calling it "the art and science of human communication applied to the speedy transformation of a country and the mass of its people from poverty to a dynamic state of economic growth that makes possible greater social equality and the larger fulfillment of the human potential".Melcote and Steeves saw it as "emancipation communication", aimed at combating injustice and oppression. According to Melcote (1991) in Waisbord (2001), the ultimate goal of development communication is to raise the quality of life of the people, including; to increase income and wellbeing, eradicate social injustice, promote land reforms and freedom of speech.
History of development communication
The practice of development communication began in the 1940s, but widespread application came about after World War II. The advent of communication sciences in the 1950s included recognition of the field as an academic discipline, led by Daniel Lerner, Wilbur Schramm and Everett Rogers. Both Childers and Quebral stressed that DC includes all means of communication, ranging from mass media from people to people.
According to Quebral (1975), the most important feature of Philippines-style development communications is that the government is the "chief designer and administrator of the master (development) plan wherein, development communication, in this system then is purposive, persuasive, goal-directed, audience-oriented, and interventionist by nature".
Gender issues refer to the unequal treatment, discrimination, and societal expectations placed on individuals based on their gender. These issues can manifest in various forms, including violence, discrimination, and unequal access to resources and opportunities. In Sri Lanka, for example, gender inequality is a significant problem, with women and girls facing high rates of sexual harassment and violence, particularly in public transport.
1. Gender Pay Gap
Despite advancements, women continue to earn less than men across the globe. This issue is not limited to developing nations but persists in highly developed countries as well.
Reasons: Occupational segregation, fewer women in high-paying industries or leadership roles, and discrimination.
Example: In the European Union, the average gender pay gap is around 13%. In countries like South Korea, the gap exceeds 30%.
Impact: Economic inequality limits women’s financial independence and affects their long-term savings and retirement security.
2. Limited Access to Education
In many regions, gender norms and poverty restrict girls' access to schooling, especially in rural or conflict-affected areas.
Example: In Sub-Saharan Africa, nearly 30 million girls aged 6–15 are out of school. Child marriage, cultural taboos, and domestic responsibilities contribute to this.
Impact: Lack of education perpetuates the cycle of poverty, reduces employment opportunities, and weakens women's empowerment.
3. Gender-Based Violence (GBV)
Violence against women and girls is one of the most widespread human rights violations.
Forms: Domestic violence, sexual assault, forced marriage, honor killings, trafficking, and female genital mutilation (FGM).
Example: According to WHO, 1 in 3 women globally has experienced physical or sexual violence in her lifetime. In countries like Nigeria and Egypt, FGM remains a serious issue despite bans.
Impact: GBV causes trauma, affects mental and physical health, and limits women's participation in society.
4.Political and Leadership Underrepresentation
Women are vastly underrepresented in government and corporate leadership positions.
Example: Only 27 countries had women serving as heads of state or government in 2023. Women hold only about 24% of executive positions globally.
Causes: Gender stereotypes, lack of support for working mothers, and unequal political opportunities.
Impact: Policies may not reflect the needs of women or gender minorities.
5. LGBTQ+ and Gender Diversity Discrimination
People who do not conform to traditional gender roles often face legal and social exclusion.
Example: In over 60 countries, same-sex relationships are criminalized. In some, like Iran or Saudi Arabia, such acts can lead to severe punishment, even death.
Transgender Issues: Many countries do not allow legal recognition of gender change or restrict access to gender-affirming healthcare.
Impact: Increased mental health issues, unemployment, and exposure to violence and homelessness.
6. Reproductive Rights and Health Inequities
Women often face barriers in accessing reproductive healthcare due to laws, stigma, or lack of resources.
Example: In countries like Poland or parts of the U.S., abortion rights have been rolled back, affecting women's bodily autonomy.
Maternal Health: In countries with weak health systems (e.g., South Sudan, Chad), maternal mortality rates are extremely high.
Impact: Inadequate healthcare limits women’s ability to control their fertility and affects the health of families.
7. Cultural and Social Norms
Deep-rooted gender stereotypes affect every aspect of life — from career choices to household responsibilities.
Example: In Japan and South Korea, traditional views often pressure women to leave work after marriage or childbirth.
Media: Gender roles reinforced in media affect young people’s perceptions of what men and women “should” do.
8.Gender Inequality in Humanitarian Crises
Women and girls are often the most vulnerable during wars, natural disasters, and refugee situations.
Example: In Syria and Rohingya refugee camps, women face a high risk of sexual violence and lack access to hygiene or reproductive health services.
These gender issues are interconnected and systemic, requiring global cooperation, policy reform, education, and cultural change to address effectively.
A Quiet Place is a 2018 American post-apocalyptic horror film directed by John Krasinski. The screenplay was written by Scott Beck and Bryan Woods from a story they conceived, with contributions by Krasinski after he joined the project. The movie tells the story of a mother (Emily Blunt) and father (Krasinski) who struggle to survive and raise their children (Millicent Simmonds and Noah Jupe) in a post-apocalyptic world inhabited by blind extraterrestrial creatures with an acute sense of hearing.
Beck and Woods developed the concept for the story while in college, and began writing the screenplay in January 2016. They told Platinum Dunes producers that they wanted Blunt for the role of the mother. In July 2016, Krasinski read their script for the role of the father. He spoke with Blunt about his ideas for the story, and she suggested he direct the film. Blunt initially did not take the role, but later felt connected to the story after reading the script. The two collaborated on ideas for the film during pre-production. Krasinski was announced as director, co-writer, and co-star with Blunt in March 2017. Filming took place in upstate New York from May to November 2017.
A Quiet Place premiered at South by Southwest on March 9, 2018, and was released in the United States on April 6, 2018, by Paramount Pictures. It grossed more than $340 million worldwide and received critical acclaim. The film was chosen by the National Board of Review and American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of 2018, and received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, Academy Award for Best Sound Editing, Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay, and Blunt won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role. It is the first film in the A Quiet Place universe. Its sequel, A Quiet Place Part II, was released in 2021.
Plot
Sightless aliens with sharp hearing and impenetrable armored skin have taken over the planet and killed most of the human population. The Abbott family – father Lee, mother Evelyn, deaf daughter Regan, and sons Marcus and Beau – live on their isolated farm in the middle of a forest in upstate New York, and have survived by taking precautions such as laying sand paths to avoid stepping on crunching leaves and using American Sign Language when communicating.
When the family goes into the nearby town for supplies, Beau finds a toy space shuttle, but Lee makes him leave it behind due to the noise it would make if powered on. As they are getting ready to leave, Regan secretly gives him back the toy, but without its batteries. When they leave, Beau takes back the batteries without anyone noticing. While walking back home, Beau turns on the space shuttle, which starts making noise. Almost immediately, Beau is killed by a nearby creature before Lee can reach him. Regan suffers terrible guilt thereafter, which she hides from her parents, although Marcus is aware of it.
Over a year after Beau's death, Evelyn is several months pregnant. Marcus reluctantly goes fishing with Lee while Regan, upset that she cannot go, visits Beau's grave. While the rest of the family is gone, Evelyn goes into labor. While heading to the basement, she accidentally steps on an upright nail and drops a photo frame, alerting a nearby alien which enters the house. Struggling to stay silent amidst the pain, Evelyn flips a switch in the basement, turning the surrounding lights around the house red. The creature enters the basement soon after, but Evelyn distracts it with the loud clicks of an egg timer and escapes upstairs. Upon returning to the farm and seeing the red lights, Marcus and Lee lure the alien out of the house by lighting off fireworks, allowing Evelyn to safely give birth to her baby.
Regan, seeing the fireworks, runs back to the house. Lee enters the house armed with a shotgun and finds the baby and Evelyn, then brings them into a hiding spot under the floor in the barn outside. The baby cries, and a creature enters the barn. The alien fails to find the source of the noise, but breaks some water pipes. Evelyn wakes up in the flooded hideout with the alien still inside and hides behind the falling water to mask her and the baby's sound.
Marcus and Regan climb to the top of a corn silo and light a signal fire to alert their father, but Marcus falls into the silo and almost becomes sucked into the corn. Hearing this, the alien, which is hunting for Evelyn, runs towards the silo and attacks Regan and Marcus. The creature's disruptive effect on electronics causes Regan's cochlear implant to emit a high-pitched noise, which causes the creature to reel in pain and retreat, breaking a hole in the silo which frees the children. Lee finds Regan and Marcus, directing them to his truck and is wounded when a creature attacks him. Marcus cannot stifle a scream, and the alien attacks the truck. Lee signs to Regan that he has always loved her and proceeds to yell to draw the creatures attention, sacrificing himself in order to allow Marcus and Regan to drive the truck back to the house safely.
Reuniting with a grieving Evelyn they make their way back into the house, followed by a creature. Regan, remembering the reaction it had to the high-pitched noise from her implant, places it on a microphone which amplifies the noise. The creature screeches in pain and exposes the vulnerable tissue beneath the armor plating on its head, allowing Evelyn to kill it with Lee's shotgun. Armed with a new weapon, the family prepares to defend themselves from the approaching pack of creatures who heard the shot.
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